Radicali liberi: cosa sono e perché influenzano l’invecchiamento della pelle

Free radicals: what they are and why they influence skin aging

| Scritto da Silvia Piccoli

Free radicals are often discussed as the main culprits of skin aging, but the truth is a bit more complex. These molecules are not always "enemies": our bodies naturally produce them, and in moderate amounts, they play an important role in defense processes and cellular regeneration.

The problem arises when their production exceeds the body's ability to neutralize them: this is where oxidative stress comes into play, a process that accelerates aging and damages cellular structures.

Smoking, pollution, UV rays, emotional stress, poor diet, and lack of sleep are among the main causes of increased free radicals. When they become too numerous, they "attack" cell membranes, proteins, and even DNA, altering the balance of the skin and body.

Fortunately, nature has provided a defense mechanism: antioxidants, substances capable of neutralizing excess free radicals and restoring balance. They are found in food, cosmetics, and targeted skincare treatments, and are key to preserving young, elastic, and radiant skin.

In this article, we will see:

  • what free radicals are and when they form
  • what oxidative stress is and why it accelerates aging
  • what role antioxidants play and where to find them
  • how Terme di Comano Skincare's dermo-cosmetic approach helps protect the skin
  • expert answers to frequently asked questions about free radicals and antioxidants

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Caricamento...

What are free radicals

Free radicals are “unstable” molecules, meaning they lack an electron necessary to maintain their balance. To stabilize themselves, they steal this electron from neighboring molecules: a process called oxidation, which can rapidly spread from one molecule to another, creating a true chain reaction.

It is precisely this “electron theft” that can damage cellular structures: membranes, proteins, lipids, and even DNA.

Before considering them absolute enemies, however, it is important to remember that our body produces free radicals naturally, and that in small quantities they are essential for the normal functioning of the organism. They participate in immune defense, help eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, and are involved in numerous cellular processes.

The two main families of free radicals: ROS and RNS

There isn't just one type of free radical, but two main categories:

1. ROS – Reactive Oxygen Species

These are free radicals, or more precisely, reactive oxygen chemical species, which include both free radicals and non-radical species. A well-known example is hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), the molecule that forms the basis of hydrogen peroxide.

They are involved in physiological processes such as the immune response, but in excess, they can promote oxidative stress and skin aging.

2. RNS – Reactive Nitrogen Species

These are free radicals derived from nitrogen. The most well-known is nitric oxide (NO): highly reactive, yet essential for functions such as blood circulation and certain immune mechanisms.

What do free radicals do?

Once formed, free radicals immediately spring into action: they are highly reactive molecules that, to stabilize themselves, interact with the cellular structures they encounter, modifying them. It is this reactivity that makes them useful in some processes, but also potentially harmful. When a ROS "strikes" a molecule, it can in turn make it unstable: the molecule becomes a new free radical and starts a chain reaction that involves and damages other cellular structures.

Under normal conditions, they contribute to various physiological mechanisms: for example, certain immune defense processes or cell signaling.

However, when they become too numerous, they begin to damage fundamental components such as:

  • proteins
  • cell membranes
  • structural lipids

The result is a progressive accumulation of small alterations which, if not balanced by antioxidants, leads to oxidative stress, a condition in which cells can no longer adequately protect themselves.

Oxidative stress does not cause immediate symptoms, but over time it can contribute to several undesirable processes: loss of tissue elasticity, slowing down of repair mechanisms, and an increased predisposition to inflammatory phenomena.

How free radicals are formed

Free radicals are not an "extraordinary" event: our body produces them every day, naturally. They arise as a consequence of the most common vital processes, especially when cells use oxygen to produce energy. Cellular metabolism, particularly that which occurs in the mitochondria, generates a small number of unstable molecules.

Even the immune system, when it has to defend us from viruses and bacteria, produces free radicals as part of its natural response. In this sense, they are truly part of our daily physiology.

Alongside internal sources, however, there are a number of external factors that can drastically increase their production:

  • air pollution and smoke (active or passive)
  • UV rays, tanning beds and radiation
  • alcohol, some medicines and chemical substances
  • prolonged psychophysical stress and lack of sleep
  • unbalanced diet or excess sugar
  • very intense physical activity, especially if untrained
  • inflammatory states, infections, some pathological conditions

Our body, fortunately, does not stand by: it possesses a complex internal antioxidant defense system, the so-called Radical Scavengers (composed of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) which neutralizes a large part of the reactive molecules produced.

However, when the quantity of free radicals exceeds the capacity of our defenses, the balance is broken: this is the ideal ground for the development of oxidative stress.

Antioxidants: the balance that protects our cells

If free radicals represent the unstable spark that can damage cells, antioxidants are the system's "peacemakers": molecules capable of neutralizing them before they can create problems.

Simply put, antioxidants donate the missing electron to free radicals to stabilize them, and they do so without damaging themselves in turn. It's a protective gesture that breaks the chain of oxidation and prevents it from turning into oxidative stress, which is the condition where cellular structures are attacked and age more quickly.

Why are they so important? Because our body continuously produces free radicals: it's part of life, metabolism, cellular respiration, digestion, even the immune response. Everything works perfectly as long as there is balance.

Antioxidants—those the body produces on its own and those we consume through food and skincare—are exactly what maintains this balance.

However, when:

  • the environment is polluted
  • UV exposure increases
  • life is stressful
  • we smoke, sleep little, or eat poorly

the production of free radicals grows excessively. And this is where antioxidants become essential to "put out the fire" before it spreads.

How antioxidants work and where we find them

Antioxidants work in two main ways:

  • preventive → they act before free radicals are formed, preventing the start of the oxidation reaction;
  • chain breakers → they block the oxidative cascade already in progress, "sacrificing" themselves instead of our cells.

Our body is already programmed to defend itself, thanks to endogenous molecules such as:

  • glutathione
  • superoxide dismutase
  • catalase

But the amount we introduce through our diet is equally fundamental. Among the best-known exogenous antioxidants are:

  • VITAMIN C


    citrus fruits, kiwi, peppers, berries: a powerful water-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress and helps regenerate vitamin E.

  • VITAMIN E

    seeds, olive oil, dried fruit: the main fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin, essential for protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage.

  • VITAMIN A AND CAROTENOIDS

    carrots, pumpkin, apricots, orange vegetables: they protect lipid structures and counteract the formation of free radicals generated by lipid peroxidation.

  • POLYPHENOLS

    Grapes, blueberries, green tea, cocoa, extra virgin olive oil: they interrupt the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation and other oxidative processes harmful to the body.

  • ANTIOXIDANT MINERAL SALTS

    selenium, zinc, copper (found in fish, legumes, cereals, seeds): act as essential cofactors for antioxidant enzymes naturally produced by our body, enhancing their protective action.

A diet rich in fruit, fresh vegetables, healthy fats and colorful foods is already a decisive step towards keeping free radical levels under control.

When antioxidants are not enough, oxidative stress accelerates many degenerative processes:

  • premature skin aging
  • chronic inflammation
  • weakening of the immune system
  • cellular damage and DNA alteration

Terme di Comano Skincare products: allies against free radicals and oxidative stress

When skin is exposed to smog, UV rays, and environmental stressors, the production of free radicals increases. This is where the dermocompatible approach of Terme di Comano Skincare makes a difference: each product is created to protect, rebalance, and strengthen the skin, counteracting the effects of oxidative stress with targeted active ingredients and the unique power of Comano Thermal Water.

Comano Spa Thermal Water Spray Skincare

A simple, daily, and highly effective gesture. Comano Thermal Water, naturally rich in minerals and with a soothing effect, helps to counteract the effects of smog and oxidizing agents, calms redness and irritation, and rebalances sensitive or stressed skin. It is ideal for spraying several times a day, especially in cities or in closed and dry environments.

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SOS Intense Comfort Cream

A soft, melting face and neck cream, designed to provide immediate relief for sensitive, easily irritable, and couperose-prone skin. The presence of stabilized Vitamin C and Vitamin E supports antioxidant action, while panthenol and 18-β glycyrrhetinic acid reduce redness and skin discomfort. Comano Thermal Water and the Prebiotic System help restore skin balance. It is also perfect after aesthetic medicine treatments.

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Superconcentrated Vitamin C + Retinol Serum

A true beauty activator for face and neck. The synergy between stabilized Vitamin C, gradual-release Retinol, and Vitamin PP helps improve skin brightness, elasticity, and texture, evening it out and making it immediately more vibrant. The serum helps reduce signs of aging, providing firmness and plumpness. It is perfect as a make-up base and ideal before an evening out or after aesthetic medicine treatments.

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Pro Multi-Perfection Filler Cream

A rich, enveloping treatment that helps skin regain firmness and a more defined appearance. It combines gradual-release retinol, sustainable biotechnological active ingredients, and Comano Thermal Water, improving skin function and supporting facial elasticity and volume. Skin appears more even, plump, and smooth, with a visible firming effect. Especially suitable for mature, dry, or very dry skin.

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Nourishing Lip Balm

Formulated to protect lips from cold, sun, and external aggressors, thanks to the presence of stabilized Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and sun filters. It creates a protective layer that provides long-lasting hydration and supports the skin's natural defenses. Lips immediately feel soft, smooth, and comfortable, with no whitening effect and fast absorption.

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Thermalglow

A revitalizing mist with 85% Comano Thermal Water, enriched with Hyaluronic Acid, Niacinamide, and stabilized Vitamin C. Its ultra-fine mist envelops the face in an immediate sensation of freshness, deep hydration, and natural radiance. Perfect for all seasons, it helps rebalance the skin and restore a radiant and vital appearance.

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Aqua+Clinical Sun Protection

UV rays are among the main sources of free radicals. Terme di Comano sunscreens do more than just filter UVA and UVB: thanks to their formulas enriched with antioxidant active ingredients, they help combat the formation of free radicals caused by the sun and protect the skin from photoaging, dark spots, and loss of elasticity.

They are also suitable for sensitive skin, thanks to their high tolerability and texture designed to respect the skin barrier.

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Free radicals: advice from the Terme di Comano experts

When it comes to free radicals, the most common question is always the same: how can I truly protect my skin and body? The experts at Terme di Comano answer the three most searched questions online, simply, accurately, and practically.

How does the body "cleanse" itself of free radicals?

The body already has a natural defense system: it produces endogenous antioxidants (like glutathione, ubiquinol, and uric acid) that neutralize excess free radicals.

However, when oxidative stress increases, it is crucial to intervene on two fronts:

  1. Increase "good" antioxidants
  • diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables
  • intake of antioxidant vitamins (C, E, carotenoids, polyphenols)
  • supplement support, if necessary
  1. Reduce what increases free radicals
  • smoking, alcohol, poor diet
  • sedentary lifestyle or excessive workouts
  • prolonged psychophysical stress
  • exposure to pollution and radiation
  • improper use of medications

Therefore, it's not about "cleansing," but about restoring the balance between the production and neutralization of free radicals.

What foods fight free radicals?

The foods richest in antioxidants are precisely those of plant origin. Comano experts advise including them daily in your diet:

  • Colorful fruits and vegetables (blueberries, strawberries, citrus fruits, cabbage, spinach, carrots, tomatoes) → rich in vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, chlorophyll
  • Nuts and seeds (walnuts, almonds, flax seeds, pumpkin, sunflower) → vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, antioxidant minerals
  • Extra virgin olive oil → polyphenols with anti-inflammatory action
  • Green tea, black tea, coffee → rich in catechins and polyphenols
  • Dark chocolate → high content of flavonoids

Animal foods can contribute, but to a lesser extent. If the diet does not provide sufficient intake, specific supplements can be considered with a doctor.

How to tell if the body has an excess of free radicals?

Oxidative stress does not present obvious symptoms and cannot be recognized "by feel." The only reliable way to measure it is to perform specific tests:

  • ROMs test → measures the oxidative status (how many free radicals are present)
  • BAP test → evaluates the antioxidant capacity of the blood

These analyses must be interpreted by a doctor, because the result should always be read together with lifestyle, general health status, and any ongoing therapies.

Expert advice

Balancing free radicals and antioxidants does not mean completely eliminating the former (which would not be possible or healthy), but reducing the excess through:

  • diet rich in antioxidants
  • good stress management
  • daily sun protection
  • targeted anti-pollution skincare
  • adequate rest and hydration

And when the skin needs extra help, the dermatologically compatible formulations of Terme di Comano Skincare — rich in thermal water, niacinamide, vitamin C, and rebalancing active ingredients — can become a valuable ally against oxidative stress, pollution, and signs of aging.

Want to learn more about oxidative stress?

If you are interested in better understanding how free radicals accelerate skin aging and what skin signs can indicate that oxidative stress is underway, Terme di Comano has already dedicated a complete article to the topic. Read more about skin oxidation and its effects here.

Conclusion: Balance, Care, and Prevention

Free radicals are not enemies to be eliminated at all costs. They are part of our physiology; they help us defend ourselves and participate in many vital processes. The problem arises when their production exceeds the skin's natural ability to neutralize them, and that's where antioxidants, targeted skincare, and more conscious daily habits come into play.

Protecting the skin means rebalancing. Rebalancing what the environment "takes away" and what the skin can restore. Rebalancing the frenetic pace of life with moments of care and prevention. Rebalancing free radicals and antioxidants, day after day.

The Terme di Comano approach originates from this principle: dermo-compatible, soothing skincare, rich in antioxidant active ingredients and supported by the unique power of Comano Thermal Water.

A daily gesture that not only protects the skin from the damage of pollution, UV rays, and stress but also supports its natural ability to regenerate.

For skin that looks stronger, brighter, and healthier, today and for years to come.